Two jobs may lower the odds of dying from Alzheimer’s disease, but why?

Robert H. Shmerling, M.D., Harvard Health Blog on Jul 23, 2025

By clicking submit, I authorize Arcamax and its affiliates to: (1) use, sell, and share my information for marketing purposes, including cross-context behavioral advertising, as described in our Privacy Policy , (2) add to information that I provide with other information like interests inferred from web page views, or data lawfully obtained from data brokers, such as past purchase or location data, or publicly available data, (3) contact me or enable others to contact me by email or other means with offers for different types of goods and services, and (4) retain my information while I am engaging with marketing messages that I receive and for a reasonable amount of time thereafter. I understand I can opt out at any time through an email that I receive, or by clicking here

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating disease. Despite decades of research, science has not pinned down causes or discovered highly effective treatments. And while a healthy diet, regular exercise, and other measures can help people slow or avoid AD, we badly need more routes for preventing it.

That’s why a new study is so intriguing — and potentially game-changing. Researchers have found that the risk of death due to AD is markedly lower in taxi and ambulance drivers compared with hundreds of other occupations. And the reason could be that these drivers develop structural changes in their brains as they work.

Drawing a connection between Alzheimer’s disease and work

In the past two decades, small studies demonstrated that London taxi drivers tend to have an enlargement in one area of the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved with developing spatial memory. Interestingly, that part of the brain is one area that’s commonly damaged by AD.

These observations led to speculation that taxi drivers might be less prone to AD than people with jobs that don’t require similar navigation and spatial processing skills.

A recent study explores this possibility by analyzing data from nearly nine million people who died over a three-year period and had occupation information on their death certificates. After accounting for age of death, researchers tallied Alzheimer’s-related death rates for more than 443 different jobs. The results were dramatic.

What did the study find?

Why would driving a taxi or ambulance affect the risk of AD-related death?

One possible explanation is that jobs requiring frequent real-time spatial and navigational skills change both structure and function in the hippocampus. If these jobs help keep the hippocampus healthy, that could explain why AD-related deaths — but not deaths due to other types of dementia — are lower in taxi and ambulance drivers. It could also explain the older studies that found enlargement in parts of the hippocampus in people with these jobs.

And why aren’t bus drivers, pilots, and ship captains similarly protected? The study authors suggest these other jobs involve predetermined routes with less real-time navigational demands. Thus, they may not change the hippocampus as much.

What are the limitations of this study?

A single research study is rarely definitive, especially an observational study like this one. Observational studies can only identify a relationship — not establish a firm cause — between a protective factor and a condition like AD. There could be other explanations for the findings. For example:

And even if driving a taxi or ambulance could lower your risk of AD-related death, what’s the impact of GPS technology now in widespread use? If these jobs now require less navigational demand due to GPS, will the protective effect of these jobs evaporate?

How might this new study help you reduce your risk of AD?

You might wonder if these findings can be applied to anyone who wants to lower their risk of AD. For example, could outdoor treasure-hunting activities that require complex navigational skills, such as orienteering and geocaching, help stave off AD? At least one small study found that orienteering experts had better spatial memory than orienteering novices.

Could puzzles, video games, or even board games designed to build spatial skills reduce the risk of AD? Think Rubik’s Cubes and jigsaw puzzles, Minecraft and Tetris, chess and Labyrinth. A round of Battleship, anyone? And if these activities are actually helpful, how often would you need to play?

I look forward to the results of studies exploring these questions. Until then, it’s best to rely on experts’ recommendations to reduce your risk of AD, including high-quality sleep, diet, and regular exercise.

The bottom line

I find this new research about taxi and ambulance drivers having lower rates of AD-related death fascinating. Considering how often we hear about the risks of certain jobs, it’s encouraging to hear about occupations that might actually protect you from disease.

If confirmed by other research, the results of this study could lead to a better understanding of Alzheimer’s disease — and, more importantly, how to prevent it.

(Robert H. Shmerling, M.D., is a senior faculty editor, and an Editorial Advisory Board member at Harvard Health Publishing.)